Resolving The Pure Enantiomers Of Phenylethylamine Environmental Sciences Essay

The plan of this exploration lab was to choose the unadulterated enantiomorphs of (  ± ) - ?- phenylethylamine ( racemic ) blend, by separating their diasteriomeric inferred capacities using ( + ) - tartaric corrosive. The varying enantiomorphs structure various salts with acids. Two atoms that are enantiomorphs have about indistinct physical and compound belongingss in spite of the fact that this might be valid, the salts that are framed after the response with corrosive have recognizable belongingss. A few salts are less dissolvable [ ( + ) ( †) ] than others, and subsequently solidify from the blend in an about unadulterated stereoisomeric signifier. While using NaOH as a solid base to deal with the salt, it considers the detachment of the enantiomorph ( Lab Manual, 2007 ) . Polarimetry is a typical strategy used to isolate between enantiomorphs, in view of their capacity to spin the plane of energized obvious radiation in inverse waies ( + and †) . This permits the pe rceiver to discover the enantiomeric immaculateness, and subsequently the making out of the blend ( Wade, 2007 Concoction Chemical response: ( †) - amine ( + ) - amine less dissolvable salt [ ( †) ( + ) ] : solidifies increasingly solvent salt [ ( + ) ( + ) ] stays in arrangement 2NaOH+ 2H2O( †) - ?- phenylethylamine ( Lab Manual, 2007 ) Method: Then again of using a 50 milliliter recepticle to heat up the amine arrangement in, we utilized a 50 milliliter Erlenmyer jar For the rest of the proceduce allude to pg. 18, 22-24 ( Lab Manual, 2007 ) Perceptions: The gems were given a 4 hebdomad crystallization period and a short time later, the ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine-( + ) - hydrogen tartrate salt was seen to be a white crystalline strong, and the methyl liquor was a crystalline fluid. Two extremely recognizable beds were seeable after the response with the NaOH ( solid base ) and extra of the methylene chloride ( CH2Cl2 ) . The top bed was translucent in some topographic focuses and murky in others, extremely shady, white fluid, while the base bed was crystalline what's more fluid. The orderly blend following the three separate extractions was near straightforward Results: Table 1: Experimental Datas: Multitudes and Optical Rotations Mass Channel Paper 0.58 g Channel Paper + Initial Crystal Sample 8.25 g Recuperated Crystal Sample 7.67 g 50 milliliters Erlenmeyer Flask with 2 bubbling rocks 39.75 g 50 milliliters Erlenmeyer Flask with Amine product and 2 bubbling rocks 42.63 g Amine stock 2.88 g Optical Rotation Explicit Rotation of ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine - 31.8o Table 2: Experimental Raw Given Data Volume of (  ± ) - ?- phenylethylamine 10.0 milliliter Thickness of (  ± ) - ?- phenylethylamine 0.9395 g/mL Atomic Weight of ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine 121.8 g/mol Atomic Weight of ( + ) - tartaric corrosive 150.09 g/mol [ ? ] D ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine - 40.4o  ± 0.2o Table 3: Multitudes, Moles, Optical Purity, and % Output Mass (  ± ) - ?- phenylethylamine 9.40 g Gram atoms (  ± ) - ?- phenylethylamine 0.0776 mol Gram atoms ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine 0.0388 mol Gram atoms of tartaric corrosive: 0.0388 mol Rate Output of ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine-( + ) - hydrogen tartrate 73.1 % Rate Output of ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine 61.3 % Optical Purity 83.7 % Computations: % Output of ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine-( + ) - hydrogen tartrate: Mass (  ± ) - ?- phenylethylamine Gram atoms (  ± ) - ?- phenylethylamine m (  ± ) - ?- phenylethylamine = thickness ten volume = 0.9395 g/mL X 10 milliliter = 9.40 g N (  ± ) - ?- phenylethylamine = mass/atomic weight = 9.40 g/121.18 g/mol = 0.0776 mol Gram atoms ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine and tartaric corrosive: N ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine = 0.0776 mol/2 = 0.0388 mol *Racemic blend so separated by 2* ( half of whole moles ) N ( + ) - tartaric acerb = N ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine = 0.0388 mol Hypothetical Output of ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine-( + ) - hydrogen tartrate: Genuine Output of ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine-( + ) - hydrogen tartrate: m ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine-( + ) - hydrogen tartrate = n x M = 0.0388 mol X ( 121.18 g/mol + 150.09 g/mol ) = 10.5 g m ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine-( + ) - hydrogen tartrate = Mass channel paper + introductory gem test †Mass channel paper = 8.25 g †0.58 g = 7.67 g Rate Output of ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine-( + ) - hydrogen tartrate: % Output = ( Actual Yield/Theoretical Yield ) X 100 % I? Genuine ( what was gotten after trial ) = ( 7.67 g/10.5 g ) X 100 % I? Hypothetical ( the mass that should hold been = 73.1 % got if all aminoalkane was extricated ) % Output of ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine: Hypothetical Output of ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine Real Output of ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine Since the underlying blend was racemic: m ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine = m (  ± ) - ?- phenylethylamine/2 = 9.40 g/2 = 4.70 g m ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine = mflask w/amine+ rocks - mflask w/rocks = 39.75 g †42. 63 g = 2.88 g Rate Output of ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine % Output = ( Actual Yield/Theoretical Yield ) X 100 % I? Real ( what was gotten after examination ) = ( 2.88 g/4.70 g ) X 100 % I? Hypothetical ( the mass that should hold been = 61.3 % got if all aminoalkane was separated Optical Purity of Sample: Hypothetical Optical Purity: Real Optical Purity: Optical Purity = - 40.4o  ± 0.2o Explicit Rotation ( [ ? ] D ) : =Optical Rotation [ ? ( watched ) ]/c * 1 = - 31.8o/( 1.0 diabetes mellitus x 0.94 g/mL ) = - 33.8o Optical Purity: = ( Actual optical immaculateness acquired/hypothetical optical virtue ) X 100 % = - 33.8o/ - 40.4o x 100 % = 83.7 % Conversation: When the ( + ) - tartaric corrosive was added to the racemic blend, (  ± ) - ?- phenylethylamine, ( †) - amine-( + ) - hydrogen tartrate, and ( + ) - amine-( + ) - hydrogen tartrate salts were framed. The ( †) - amine-( + ) - hydrogen tartrate was significantly less solvent in methyl liquor, and henceforth solidified out of the arrangement ( Lab Manual, 2007 ) . This strategy for detachment was demonstrated to be somewhat effective, as the per centum yield of this crystallization was 73.1 % , which is relatively high. The nearness of drosss, each piece great as the failure to completely take shape the salt from methyl liquor most likely ascribed to any contradictions. It is other than conceivable that in spite of the fact that the ( †) ( + ) salt is less dissolvable than different salts, it despite everything has a dissolvability, and thus solidifies rather simple ( consequently the obligatory 2 hebdomad holding up period, in our occasion it was 4 hebdomads ) . As gr eat, different salts, in spite of their high dissolvability in methyl liquor, may keep despite everything solidified actually to some degree over the long holding up period, adding to drosss Expansion of NaOH brought about the development of two discernable beds: a white, shady fluid bed ( top ) , and an unmistakable aminoalkane bed ( underside ) , and took into consideration the disengagement of ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine ( Lab Manual, 2007 ) . The extra of 5 milliliter of H2O to the cup affirm that the top bed was the fluid bed, since it expanded near to the base bed and the H2O was retained here ( Lab Manual, 2007 ) . The watery bed comprised of the ( †) - amine, alongside Na tartrate, and H2O, while the aminoalkane bed incorporated any drosss. The Na tartrate promptly broke down in H2O, while methylene chloride ( CH2Cl2 ) was added to become dull ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine ( breaking point ~ 186oC ) , since it had a lower breaking point ( 40oC ) , and could simple be evacuated through warming ( Synthesis and presentation of alpha-phenyethylamine. After a filtration strategy, including a progression of extractions, there was per centum yield of 61.3 % for the ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine, which is a lower yield than the first 73.1 % , bespeaking that there was lost aminoalkane during the second part of the trial procedure. The central reason for this error was the accidental removal of a significant part of the aminoalkane bed, in which a little aggregate of ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine was as yet present. The nearness of some drosss may hold other than influenced outcomes, in any case, they would hold on the other hand expanded the yield and lead to misleading results. Another conceivable reason for botch is the little getaway out of the glass plug on the separatory channel when the arrangement was shaken. There was a spot of arrangement that spilled out the underside or spurted out the top when given up ofing the power per unit territory in the pipe. In this manner, the slip-up that very much brought down the yield of the product extraordinarily builds the optical immaculateness of the blend. The found out rotating movement of the finishing up test was - 31. 8o ( levorotatory, left manus rotating movement ) and the particular rotational movement was - 33.8o contrasted and the observational explicit turning movement of - 40.4o  ± 0.2o ( Lab Manual, 2007 ) . The specialist optical immaculateness was 83.7 % , which is well high. Beside the previously referenced removal of the natural bed, army different mix-ups, for example, the nearness of drosss may hold added to divergences in the optical immaculateness. The negative ( hostile clockwise ) turning movement essentially affirmed that the enantiomorph being disconnected was the ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine, and the high optical virtue exhibited that the extraction was cultivated with much achievement and extensive truth, since the closing product was mostly ( †) - amine, in spite of the similarly low yield.

Article analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Article investigation - Essay Example The internationalization procedure helps being developed and relevance of the internationalization procedure hypothesis to the few showcasing activities (Conconi, Sapir, and Zanardi, 2013). For instance, the steady internationalization process moves the association to enter markets, which have an effect of the financial, social and social similitudes with the developing local and worldwide markets. The investigation will manage the different dimensional parts of internationalization and its impact on the business exercises (Birnik and Bowman, 2007). The creator of the examination will likewise feature the different aspects of methodologies that help in the advancement of developing markets. At last, the investigation will finish up the effect of developing markets on the created and creating economy for the achievement of the association and the economy itself. Developing Markets of Developed and Developing Economy The continuous internationalization process requires investigation of the market with a few chances and pretty much with fair likenesses. This procedure additionally helps in tending to the dangers related with imaginative capacity and furthermore the apparent dangers related with outside market passage. There are typically different measurements to the market passage which increments with the outside section modes, and the measurements incorporate asset responsibility and request of market passage. Slow internationalization requires less asset duty, for example, sending out right from the earliest starting point of the market passage and afterward move into other section modes. Asset responsibility requires accentuation on the apparent hazard related with every one of the market passage modes (Cai, 2000). The subsequent measurement is the request for advertise section modes, which lays accentuation on an association attempting to go into residential markets and afterward venturing into worldwide markets. This request for passage is otherwise called clairvoyant separation on the internationalization hypothesis. Developing markets have been viewed as the alluring source and target advertise for additional activity and extension of the base exercises. These developing markets have been viewed as the base of assembling exercises because of their simple accessibility, high caliber and modest work and simple to-gather crude materials. The global enterprise has extended by opening a few units around the world. It has been seen that Internet associations develop a worldwide scale for decrease in deviation strategies and mistakes in their dispersion framework (Gustafson, 2011). The Internet association has extended a bigger scope for more extensive tasks and furthermore increments in their result for different purposes. Internationalization Process Theory The idea of internationalization process was planned by Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul and was changed step by step by different creators. The internationalization procedure contrasts insignificantly between approach details and business as usual. This procedure likewise helps in conceptualizing the universal promoting hypothesis in an alternate manner, which is regularly named as a pioneering truth (Shirani, 2009). The significant goals of the internationalization procedure is access to minimal effort creation, nearness to providers, accessibility of specialized and non-specialized abilities, lessening rivalry, vitality, and so on. (Kim, 2003). The internationalization procedure likewise helps in understanding the passage mode systems and building up a market section mode for the organization in like manner. Internationaliza

A Letter to Parents Whose Kids Just Got Into College (read on Staying Sane) TKG

A Letter to Parents Whose Kids Just Got Into College (read on Staying Sane) Dear Moms Dads,Congratulations! Your baby just got into college, or is about to. You’re probably feeling a flood of conflicting emotions. Relief comes alongside anxiety, joy can collide with a feeling of impending loss, and excitement crashes into “Wait, this is real?!?” The arrival of any college acceptance, whether a dream school or a safety, should be a day of celebration, but for a huge number of parents, it is equally, or even more, terrifying.The number one question we get asked by parents after their kid is accepted into college is, “What do I do now?” The second most common question is “Does my kid still need me?” The second question has an easy answer: YES. Your kid still needs you. You’re not done being parents. They will need help figuring out how to do their laundry.But that comes later. As for what you need to do now, the number one thing is to be supportive.Your kid is scared. Most won't say it, and many won't admit it even if asked, but that doesn’t mean that they aren’t more than a little terrified at the prospect of leaving home. Even if they’ve been to sleep-away camp or went to boarding school, college is a totally different experience. There won’t be counselors guiding them around, or adults looking over their shoulder. Mom and dad won’t be next door. They’ll need to advocate for themselves, and learning how to do that can come with some rough patches. So, while they are definitely excited and are wearing the sweatshirt, they are still scared of this weird far-off thing that is suddenly real, impending, and terrifying.So support them, be there for them, but don’t shelter them. Don’t exclude them from conversations about the metrics of college (yes, we mean the money), just because they’re uncomfortable conversations to have. Include your kids because they need to understand money, and include your kids because them knowing what is going into their education will help them in taking full advantage of the opp ortunity.While you’re helping your kid take on the responsibilities of an adult, know that they may revert to child-like behaviors. No one really talks about this, but they are in a weird limbo, trapped between adulthood and independence and the reality that they are still in high schoolâ€"and that’s an uncomfortable place to be. They may become nostalgic because they feel like their childhood is ending (don’t be surprised if there’s an uptick in hugs and the childhood albums come out). And they may act out as a way of triggering the parental attention they think they may lose come fall (also don’t be surprised if they break rules they’d dutifully followed before those acceptances came).Don’t let yourself be a punching bag and don’t let your kid become a victim to the senior spring slide, but remember to act out of a place of support. The brain your kid ends their senior year with is the brain they’ll start college with. If they are focused in May, they’ll be foc used in September, so keep doing what you’re doing because it clearly worked.Take deep breaths. Take time for yourself. And, no, you’re not old.With love and respect,Caroline KoppelmanP.S. Bonus tip from a parent who’s sent three kids to college: Consider taking a video of your kid right after they get accepted, or when they are particularly happy about going to college. Save it and then send it to them two months into their freshman year when they are struggling because things aren’t coming as easily as they expected. They’ll appreciate it, and you’ll both get a laugh.

The Forbidden Romantic Love Between Romeo And Juliet Essay

The forbidden romantic love between Romeo and Juliet. By Ashleigh Moseley. Year 10 English: Mrs Shaw. For this anthology about love I have chosen, and mainly centred around the topic of love that is forbidden. With this type of love, comes many struggles and questions that I’m sure must go through the minds of people in this situation. This is what happens with Romeo and Juliet in the Play written by William Shakespeare in 1591. It will be a romance that will strongly challenge them, but as we see it will not break the bond of love they have for each other. In this task I will try to describe the pain, happiness, frustration, forgiveness, anger, and joy through a collection of shorts texts that come with the topic of persecuted, and forbidden love. Author unknown. Juliet is willing to love Romeo no matter what. I think that this short poem describes the nature of their love very well. This is how they think, act and live out their love for each other. 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NICE Properties of Auxiliary Verbs

Analysis of the Cell Phone Industry - 1253 Words

FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS OF THE CELL PHONE INDUSTRY The cell phone industry is a competitive market and will increase continuously. The profitability of individual companies is driven mainly by their ability to develop new products, providing better service and making their products affordable for consumers. Profitability of companies is achieved also by taking advantage of product marketing, access to capital, and by inquiring the expertise to improve the cell phones. The profitability of the cell phone industry depends on the number of consumers they can attract. The profitability of the cell phone industry is dependent on the volume of consumers they can attract. The cell phone industry looks strong and competitive between the†¦show more content†¦The only real substitute is to buy all the functions of a mobile phone in the individual products, which would not be plausible to carry all around on a person at the same time. 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LESS ATTRACTIVE FACTOR FOR THE FIVE FORCES MODEL After having analysed all the factors we have concluded that the less attractive factor is the powers of buyers for the cell phone industry. This is due to the fact that there are a lot of choices for customers when buying a mobile phone (high rivalry). Besides, the network operators sign contracts with customers for 24 months in orderShow MoreRelatedCell Phone Industry Analysis3513 Words   |  15 Pages| | | CELL PHONE INDUSTRY ANALYSIS by Rohan Ramchandani Zaheer Sayyed Introduction 1 Dominant Economic Indicator 1 1. Market Size: 1 2. Scope of Competitive Rivalry: 1 3. Stage in Life Cycle: 2 4. Numbers of Companies in the Industry: 2 5. Customers: 3 6. Technology/Innovation: 4 7. 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Transgender and People free essay sample

The prevalence of transsexuals varies across countries, it is speculated that cultural factors and social convention play an important role in determining the number of transsexuals who choose to themselves and be counted. In Singapore, the prevalence of transsexuals is 1:2900 for male to female and 1:8300 whereas in Netherlands, it is 1:11,900 for male to female and 1:30,400 for female to male. (Cuypere, Hemelrijck, Michael, Carael, Heylens, Rubens, Hoebeke, Monstrey; 2006) Transsexuals suffer from legal discrimination in many part of Asia. While it is possible for post operative transsexuals to legally change their sex in Philippines and some part of China, it is not possible in Hong Kong. Post operative transsexuals are transsexuals who have undergone a sex reassignment surgery. Currently the United Kingdom has been hailed as the leader in human rights for transsexuals and transgender people with the passage of the Gender Recognition Act in 2004. The law legislates that sex reassignment surgery and hormonal therapy are not required before one can legally change their sex in the United Kingdom. (Sharpe, 2009) Currently in Canada, gender identity and gender expression are not explicitly protected from discrimination on a federal level as well as in Ontario. (Xtra, May 17, 2010) In 2008, the Ontario government reinstated public funding for sex reassignment surgery for an average of 8 to 10 people per year; British Columbia, Manitoba, Newfoundland and Labrador, and Saskatchewan also provide public funding for sex reassignment surgery. (Bird, The Ottawa Citizen, 2008) According to the Journal of Association of nurses in AIDS Care, Trans is an umbrella term that includes transsexuals transitioned, transgender, gender queer people and two spirited people, encompassing a diverse group of people whose gender identity or expression not normally expected. (Bauer, Hammond, Travers, Kaay, Hohenadel and Boyce, 2009) Gender identity is unrelated to sexual orientation, transsexuals are people whose identified gender is in contrast with their biological sex assigned at birth. (American Psychological Association, 2009) The World Professional Association for Transgender Health is responsible for developing the Standards of Care for hormonal and surgical sex reassignment of Gender Dysphonic persons. The guidelines is still regularly updated to serve the evolving psychological, medical and surgical needs for individuals with GID. The guidelines allow youths with parental consent to undertake reversible medical intervention to masculine or feminize their body before the onset of puberty; sex reassignment surgeries are recommended for those who have at least reached the age of 18 and have lived in their identified gender role for two years. (Beh Pietsch, 2004) Transsexuals can change their body through all , any or none of the following: sex hormones, electrolysis , plastic surgery, or sexual reassignment. (Transproud, 2009)) Grossman, D` Augellli, and Salter (2006) reported that the mean age of which transgender youth become aware of their gender identity is 10. 4 year. Transgender youth often face victimization, and experience verbal and physical harm by peers, siblings, parents and or stepparents; as a result, many face homelessness, sexual exploitation and substance abuses. Transgender youths are also particularly at risks for high rates of daily stressors, substance abuse, unprotected anal intercourse, needle sharing, risk of migrating silicon and sexual victimization. (Garofalo et al. , 2006) Trans adults face severe marginalization, and often experience unstable employment and housing, as well as a disproportionately high rates of violence, harassment, and discrimination in workplaces, schools and child welfare system. An estimated of 27.6 percent of trans women in North America is infected with HIV according to a recent meta analysis (Herbst et al. , 2008) and another 65 percent of trans people have contemplated suicide from one of the largest trans focused studies done so far. (Xavier et al. , 2007) The Trans PULSE project, which has been approved by the research ethics board at the University of Western Ontario, seeks to gather information about the health of trans people in Ontario, it is divided into three phases with the  last phase yet to be completed. The conclusion drawn from the project so far concluded that there trans people and their experience are often rendered invisible by health care services and providers due to the assumption that everyone is non trans and the lack of knowledge and willingness to acquire and incorporate information about trans people in research studies , textbooks and resources. (Bauer, Hammond, Travers, Kaay, Hohenadel and Boyce, 2009) According to an assessment study on behalf of the AIDS Committee of Toronto, many members of the trans community face many difficulties, such as the high rate of HIV, lack of access to medically prescribed hormones? lack of safer sex materials, insufficient health care and social services, as well as both intentional and unintentional misuse of pronoun and social marginalization. (Bauer, Hammond, Travers, Kaay, Hohenadel and Boyce, 2009) According to the research team at Trans PULSE, their objective is to give †the most statistically accurate picture of trans people possible in Ontario. † (Bauer, Boyce, Coleman, Kaay, Scanlon, Travers, 2010) One of the key findings of Trans PULSE is that there is almost an equal ratio of male to female individuals and female to male individuals; another key finding is that while a high percentage of research participants, 36 percent, have a university or college degree, only a total of 7 percent earned over 80,000 dollar annually while most are living below poverty line, with 50 percent of participants making less than 15,000 and 21 percent making between 15,000 to 29,999. Rejecting equal protection claim brought by pre-operative male-to-female transsexual based on evidence that Colorado provided hormone therapy to non-transsexual prisoners with low hormone levels and to post-operative male-to-female transsexuals); White v. Farrier, 849 F. 2d 322 (8th Cir. 1988) (holding that male-to-female transsexual prisoner is not entitled to cross-dress or wear cosmetics and does not have a constitutional right to hormone therapy); Meriwether v. Faulkner, 821 F. 2d 408 (7th Cir. 1987), cert. denied, 484 U. S. 935 (1987) (holding that transsexual prisoner is constitutionally entitled to some type of medical treatment for diagnosed condition of transsexualism, but she â€Å"does not have a right to any particular type of treatment, such as estrogen therapy†); Jones v. Flannigan, 1991 U. S. App. LEXIS 29606 (7th Cir. 1991) (same); Supre v. Ricketts, 792 F. 2d 958 (10th Cir. 1986) (same); Lamb v. Maschner, 633 F. Supp. 351 (D. Kansas 1986) (holding that transsexual prisoner had no right to hormone therapy). See also Cuoco v. Mortisugo, 222 F. 3d 99 (2nd Cir. 2000) (holding officials entitled to immunity against claim by transsexual pre-trial detainee who was denied hornomes). 2. See South v. Gomez, 211 F. 2d 1275, 2000 WL 222611 (9th Cir. 2000) (finding 8th Amendment violation where a prisoner’s course of hormone treatment was abruptly cut off after being transferred to a new prison). Cf. Kosilek v. Nelson, 2000 WL 1346898, at * 3 (D. Mass. 2000) (assuming without deciding that transsexualism is a serious medical need, but finding insufficient evidence of deliberate indifference). Cf. Wolf v. Horn, 130 F. Supp. 2d 648 (D. Pa. 2001) (noting that abrupt termination of prescribed hormonal treatment by a prison official with no understanding of Wolfe’s condition, and failure to treat her severe withdrawal symptoms or after-effects, could constitute â€Å"deliberate indifference†). 3. See also Phillips v. Michigan Department of Corrections, 731 F. Supp. 792 (W. D. Mich. 1990), aff’d, 932 F. 2d 969 (6th Cir. 1991) (granting preliminary injunction directing prison officials to provide estrogen therapy to a pre-operative transsexual woman who had been taking estrogen for several years prior to her transfer to a new prison and distinguishing failure â€Å"to provide an inmate with care that would improve his or her medical state, such as refusing to provide sex reassignment surgery† from â€Å"[t]aking measures which actually reverse the effects of years of healing medical treatment†). By Joe Lunievicz From Body Positive November 1996 Perception is everything. Are you a boy or a girl? Blue or pink? People view you as male or female, and this view is crucial to the way our society thinks, identifies, categorizes and defines each other. Its woven into the fabric of our daily existence, and God help anyone who challenges this two-party, male/female system. History has shown that you will be beaten verbally, spiritually, emotionally and/or physically if you challenge it. 4. Rosalyne Blumenstein, Director of the Gender Identity Project (GIP) at the Lesbian and Gay Community Services Center, and a female of transgender experience remembers, When I was a child, I was told boys dont play with dolls and to stop crying like a girl. I thought the way I was, was wrong. Most transgenders experience a sense of difference at a very early age, and that this difference is wrong. If you dont fit into your category (boy or girl), youre going to internalize that theres something wrong with you. 5. Some transgender people defy categorization. This tends to disorient people who need to neatly define the world. According to Rosalyne, many people ask transgenders why they arent either a man or a woman, and if they are unhappy with their gender, why they dont just have a sex change? When a transgender has a sex change, people then say, but youre not a real woman or man. Nora Molina, a peer educator at GIP and a self-identified Hispanic transexual woman adds, We are looked at as neither female nor male . . . we are treated like a foreign entity, a freak of nature. (Note: Rosalyne explained that one s in the word transsexual has been dropped to depathologize the word, and to empower and embrace the community). GIP, along with many other service providers, uses the term transgender as an umbrella term encompassing a diversity of gender expression including drag queens and kings, bi-genders, crossdressers, transgender people and transexuals. Advertisement 1. Transexuals are defined as people who find their gender identity their sense of themselves as male or female in conflict with their anatomical sex. Some transexuals may live part-time in their self-defined gender. Many desire to live fully in their self-identified gender. Some undergo hormone therapy and sex reassignment surgery. 2.